"Diabetes genetic high risk group, insulin secretion function reduced 1.8x faster"
Aug 23, 2024
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Professor Kwak Soo-heon and Lee Hyun-seok, researchers at the Institute of Genomics Medicine at Seoul National University Hospital, announced on the 23rd that they analyzed long-term changes in insulin secretion ability according to the genetic risk of diabetes based on the results of follow-up observations of 6,311 people registered in the community diabetes cohort seven times between 2001 and 2016.
Adult diabetes (type 2 diabetes) is a disease in which blood sugar is abnormally high due to the lack of insulin secretion ability to control blood sugar. The disease is of great health and sociological importance, with the prevalence of the disease increasing and ranked 8th in Korea as the cause of death in 2022. Therefore, various studies are being conducted to predict the risk of diabetes in order to select high-risk groups and establish preventive strategies.
In particular, the 'multi-genetic risk score', which quantitatively expresses the genetic risk of diabetes, is a major predictor of the occurrence of diabetes. According to previous studies, it is also associated with insulin secretion ability. However, no studies have ever analyzed this score and changes in long-term insulin secretion ability.
After conducting a genome analysis of adults over 30 years of age without diabetes to check for diabetes-related genetic mutations, the research team calculated the multi-genetic risk score and classified it into ▲high risk (top 20%) ▲medium risk ▲low risk (bottom 20%).
As a result of comparing the results of the first submandibular test, the higher the genetic risk group, the lower the insulin secretion ability. Compared to the low-risk group, the intermediate and high-risk groups had lower insulin secretion ability by 14% and 25%, respectively.
A 14-year comparison of the glucose tolerance test showed that insulin secretion ability gradually decreased in all groups, but the decrease in the high-risk group was the steepest. In particular, the rate of decrease in insulin secretion ability in the high-risk group was 1.83 times faster than in the low-risk group. In other words, long-term changes in insulin secretion ability were determined by genetic factors.
Additionally, we compared the rate of decrease in insulin secretion ability according to whether five healthy lifestyles (healthy diet, exercise, smoking cessation, weight management, and adequate sleep) were practiced along with the multi-genetic risk score. As a result, healthy lifestyles in all genetic risk groups helped to slow the decrease in insulin secretion ability. In particular, the genetic high-risk group showed a 4.4% improvement in insulin secretion ability after 10 years with one more healthy lifestyle practice.
Based on these results, the research team explained that it is possible to select high-risk groups for diabetes with a rapid decrease in insulin secretion ability using multi-genetic risk scores. In addition, he emphasized that lifestyle improvement plays an important role in diabetes prevention or delayed onset, so the higher the risk group, the more thoroughly they should manage their lifestyle.
Professor Kwak Soo-heon said, `The results of this study can be used to select patients who are expected to have severe insulin deficiencies after diabetes develop according to genetic information and to intervene early.' `We hope that gene-based precision medical care will develop in the field of diabetes treatment to enable patient-specific diabetes prevention and management.'
The results of this study were published in the recent issue of the prestigious journal `Diabetes Care, IF;14.8)' in the field of diabetes.
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